Hydraulic control system for airplanes



Dec. 14, 1948. w. A. RAY 2,455,948

v HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AIRPLANES Filed 051. 17, 1942 4 Sheets-Sheet l l'mnentor WILL/AM ,4. ,QA Y,

attorney Dec. 14, 1948. w. A. RAY 2,455,948.

HYDRAULIC, CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AIRPLANES 7 Filed 001;. 17, 1942 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 L Ll 15'] 110 u L L 3 J-- 3nnentor M 1 184 WILLIAM A. PAY,

186 Cittorneg.

Dec. 14, 1948. w. A. RAY 2,455,948

HYDRAULIC CONTROL SY$TEM FOR AIRPLANES Filed Oct. 17,.1942 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 3nventor lV/LL/AM A. IQAY,

v (Ittorneg Patented Dec. 14, 1948 HYDRAULIC CGN TROL SYSTEM FOR AIRPLANES I William A. Ray, Los- Angeles, 'Calif., assignor to Genera-l Controls 00., a corporation Application October 17, 1942, Serial No. 462,363.

My present invention relates to control systems, and more particularly tohydraulic control systems for airplanes and to valve structures for controlling such systems.

In --air.planes which .employhydraulically oper ated motors for actuating. movable parts of the airplane, such aswing .flaps, retractible landing gear, or bomb. doors, it is customary to run the hydraulic lines orpi-pes from the source of hydraulic pressure, whichis generally 'apump driven by the propulsion. engine. of the airplane, to the control station. in the fuselageand thence to the hydraulic motors: control valves being provided in the hydraulic linesat the control station in a position accessible to the. pilots or (flight engineer. Suchan arrangement calls fora large amount of hydraulic piping which not only adds undesirable weight and. crowds the control station, but also, when the. airplaneis used for war purposes, renders it. more vulnerable to gun fire. It .is thereforeman object. of this invention'to provide a hy- I draulic control system of the character described wherein the. required amount of hydraulic piping is. considerably reduced. I accomplish this object,

primarily,by locating the-control valves at a point adjacent the engine and, pump, and by providing electrically operated means for actuating the valves, .the electric circuit for the operating means being extended to switching means. at the control station. By this arrangement, the 'hydraulic lines can be .run from the source of pressure tothe. individual motors by the; shortest paths. The. only point of concentration of tubing and of valves is therefore .at the. engine (prefer- :ablzy, behind it.) where. these parts are to a :con-

.siderable degree protected from damage by gun fire .or from other causes and, if desired, can be .iiurther protected. by armor. Another advantage gained by this arrangement is. due to the reduc- .tion in the number or. pipe connections at which leakage might occur. 7

Another obiectis. the provision, in an electro- .h yd-raulic control system ofv the character decontrol system of the character described above.

i Claim. (01. 244-75) A more specific object is the. provisiornin sucha valve, of .flu-id pressure, operated means for actuating. the main valve means, electrically operated pilot valve means. ior controlling the. pressure operated actuating means,. and mechanical means for independently actuating the. main valve means and including valve. means, operated by initial movement of the mechanical means, forobstructing. supply of pressure fluid to the normal actuating means and for venting. the same. A further object is toprovide, in'. av valve of the type indicated, .a pivoted rocker with which the main valve means, the pressure operated actuating. means,

and the mechanical actuating means, all cooper ate to effect operation of the valve.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be found in the description, the drawing. and in the claim.; and for full understanding of the invention, reference may be had. to the following detailed description and accompanying. drawing, wherein:

"Figural is a view, mainly in central vertical section, of a; valve embodying my invention;

Figures 2, .3 and i are transverse sections taken generally along the lines 2 2', 3-3 and' li, respectively, of Fig. 1;

, Figures 5 and 6 are fragmentary vertical sections taken along the lines 55 and 6-6, respectively, of Fig. 2;

; Figure '7 is a fragmentary detail .section taken along the line 1''! of Fig. 1;

Figure 8' a side elevation, to reduced scale, of a plurality of the valves shown in Fig. 1, joined together by a manifold;

Figure 9' is a front elevation, to reduced scale, of the valve shown in Fig. 1;. I

Figure .10 is a diagrammatic View of a control system embodying my invention, and including a schematic representation of the valve shown in the other figures;

Figurefl'l is a "phantom view of part of an airplane, illustrating the arrangement of parts in a control system according to my invention; and

Figure I2- is a plan diagram of an airplane indir eating the point from which the showing of Fig.

11 is viewed.

Referring first more particularly to Figs. 1-9, the numeral I5 indicates a generally-cylindrical elongated casting which forms the main body of type. The inlet passage is indicated at IT in 3 Figs. 5 and 3, the outlet at I8 in Figs. 6, 3, and 1, one of the control passages at E3 in Fig. 5, and the other control passage at in Figs. 6 and 1. The arrangement of the outer ends of the passages will be clear from inspection of Fig. 8, wherein the control passages I9 and 20 are in the upper bosses under caps 2i and 22, respectively; the inlet I? and outlet I0 being in the lower bosses, as indicated.

As is best seen in Fig. 3, the inlet passage I! communicates with a vertical passage 23, from which a horizontal passage 24 extends diagonally across the body to its exterior where it is closed by a plug 25, the passage 24 intersecting a central vertical bore 25 and another vertical passage 21. The vertical passages 23 and 21 extend from the top of the main body l5 to an irregular shaped cavity 28 (Figs. 1, 3 and 4) formed in the lower portion of the body. The bottom ends of passages 23 and 2?, respectively, are closed by plugs 25 (Fig. 5) and 30 (Fig. 6), and above these plugs are threaded tubular valve seat members 3| and 32, cooperable with semispherical closure members 33 and 34 from which extend valve stems 35 and 36, the upper end portions of which are guided by bushings 31 and 38 threaded in the top ends of the passages. To prevent leakage around the valve stems, the bottom ends of the bushings 31 and 38 are recessed to receive rubber packing rings 39 and 40 which fit snugly between the stems and the walls of the recesses. These rings can roll in the movement of the stems and are prevented from leaving the recesses by collars 4i and 42 formed on the stems. Urging the closure members 33 and 34 upwardly toward seating position, are compression springs 43 and 44, respectively.

Two other vertical passages 45 (Fig. 5) and 46 (Fig. 6) extend a short distance downward from the top surface of the main body I5, and threaded in these passages are like fittings 41 and 48 which form at their bottom ends seats for semispherical closure members 40 and 50, the upwardly extending stems 5| and 52 of these closures being guided in central openings through the top portions of the fittings. At the lower ends of passages 45 and 46 are compression springs 53 and 54 which urge the closure members 49 and upwardly toward seating position. In the upper portions of the fittings 4'! and 48 are inclined openings 55 and 5B which connect the areas above the closures 49 and 50 with a chamber 51 above the main body I5 formed by a cap 58 secured thereto.

As is seen in Fig. 5, a horizontal extension of the control passage I9 intersects the vertical passages 23 and 45 and communicates with the area above the closure 33 and with that below the closure 49. In a similar manner, as is seen in Fig. 6, the other control passage 20 communicates with the area above the closure 34 and with that below the closure 50. It will thus be appar cut that if the closures 33 and 50 (only) are simultaneously opened, fluid can pass from the inlet i! to the control passage I9; and from the other control passage 20to the chamber 51, and thence through a vertical passage 59 (Figs. 2, 3 and 4) which extends from the top surface of the main body to the lower cavity 28, to the outlet I8 which (as is seen in Fig. 3) communicates with that cavity. Likewise, if the other pair of closures 34 and 43 (only) are simultaneously opened, fluid can then pass from the inlet I1 (through the diagonal passage 24) to the control passage 20, and from the control passage I9 to the outlet I8. This arrangement, when operated in the manner described, thus constitutes a four-way Valve.

For selectively actuating the pairs of closures 33, 50 and 34, 39, a rocker is mounted on a pin 66, the outer ends of which are supported in openings through portions 31 and 68 (Fig. 2) of the main body I5 which extend from the top surface of the same at the front and rear. The rocker 65 is provided with an irregular opening 69, to reduce its weight, and carries four screws I0-'I3 which are so positioned as to engage the tops of the valve stems 35, 36, 5| and 52, respectively, when the rocker is actuated. These screws are so adjusted that, when the rocker is in its neutral position as shown, there is a slight clearance between each screw and its corresponding valve stem.

For actuating the rocker 65, there is provided a pair of pistons I4 and I5 (Fig. 1) which are reciprocable in cylinder bores formed in the top surface of the main body. The pistons are pro- Vided with rocker-actuating stems 16 and 11 which rest in shallow recesses in the tops of the pistons and are guided in bushings I8 and I9 threaded in the upper ends of the cylinders. Urging the pistons downward, and compressed between them and the bushings, are springs 00 and 0!. If the left-hand piston 14 is operated, the rocker is rotated in a clockwise direction by the engagement therewith of the piston stem 16 (the other piston stem 11 limiting rotation of the rocker) so that actuation of closures 33 and 50 is efiected; likewise, if piston 15 is operated, the rocker is rotated counterclockwise to actuate closures 34 and 49. Round-bottomed recesses 32 and 83, in the underside of the rocker, loosely receive the top portions of the piston stems and serve to prevent their lateral displacement.

The means whereby pressure fluid from the inlet I! is suppled to the piston cylinders to efiect actuation of the rocker, will now be described. Fitting Within the lower end of bore 26 (Fig. 1), which is in constant communication with the inlet I1, is the upper end portion of an elongated hollow cylindrical member which is secured in positionby ears 9i which extend from its opposite sides, these ears being attached by screws to a rhomboidal-shaped boss 92 (Fig. 4) which projects from the top surface 93 of the cavity 28. The upper portion of member 90 constitutes a three-Way valve and is bored to provide an upper seat 94 for a closure member 95 having a stem 96 guided in a bushing 91, which bushing also provides a lower valve seat 98 for the closure. When the closure is in the position shown, fluid can pass from the bore 26, through an opening 99 in the top of the member 90, around the upper seat 04, and thence through radial openings I00 to a circumferential recess IOI. No bias, other than gravity, is provided for the closure 95, the

, pressure of the inlet fluid being sufficient to maintain it in its normal position in engagement with the lower seat 98. To prevent leakage around the upper portion of member 90, packing rings I02 are provided in a pair of circumferential recesses located respectively above and be low the recess IOI. Communicating with the recess "H is a horizontal passage I03 which extends generally forwardto the exterior of the main body I5, where it is plugged; and joining the passage I03 is a vertical passage I04 drilled in the solid front portion of the main body (see Fig. 3) from its bottom surface.

Secured to the underside of the main body I5 is a sub-body I05 wherein is provided a pair of 5 eleotromagnetioailly: operated? threeewaor. pilot; valnes; generallyindicated: at": lilfiiand; I01. The pilot:- valve Lilli comprises a: hollow cylindrical: member: I408,- threadedzih ansopening ln-itheelefte hand; endi of: theisuhehodyg. which lpnovi desstowardi its; inner? end; BL-VHIKC'. seals-I091 cooperable With: a closures H: hearing: a stem; likl which is=v gu ded; in. a; bushing:- l l-Zi. the; bushing. al'sca providing: an outerrseazt. I513 for thesclesuzzei. Imtheabnshinfl; are, inclined: openings lilkz. which, communicate with: aim.onlangementr. ofisthestem hora adjacent the seat? hi3; andwithlslotsi. liltin the'threaded surfaoezofthe-bushing. The spacebetween the seatswill and; '3! communicates; by: means of radial; openings lil'ihwitha recess I.- H: around the. periphery of member: |.0B.- Throughithe side wall of member Hm'are: openings l-l8- which connect the spacewat-theleft ofzbus-hing l-t2iwith-an annu- Ian recess-1 H19: formed inf the surface of; the subbody" opening; andi from this: recess. a vertical passage int-extends:to;the-top surface ot the'subbodsa. By. the. arrangement described; it. will. be seen that; whemthe: closune hlfla issi'n theiposition shQwmithezinnenrecessz I II is in communication witlrthe cavityrzllirnthezmain body; and .thuszwith thezdutlefi 1:82. Around the inemberr-lllfl inter mediate thsrecesses: Mn; and: l-Mh. is a. packing ring: IZ'I which is tightly received; in a recess formed in the-surrounding surface-e oi. the sulorilghta-handpiiot. valve: Hl'li is identicalin constnuctiom with the: pilot valve. lfll'r andiits es sentiah elements; have: therefore; been; assigned the: same-numerals; asthose of! the corresponding ones in; pilot: valve? mm. but 7 with: a prime mark added, (openings; M2. and. M222, througntheainner endsrot the members H18 and: lillfifl communicats." with; a. horizontal; passagea I223 int-he. subbody-s. from which nassage'there extend-a short verticalipassagez laflz-arhon zontal; passage 1,255, andl a; vertical" passage: I525 which: registers; with the passage 10.4: in;. theemain; body; Iniasimil ar manner; tin: recessesslzfl and M1 communicate,

respectiveln, with: verticalsaligned; passagem no and lat-I" formedtin-thezsuhr-body andtimtherfront and; rear portions. of. the: mainlbcdy, (see; Rigs. 3 aside") ;:the-upperrend's.aof thesepassageszcommutnieatingeby'horizontalipassages; (the reariones be;-

ingcrshowm ati 112$. irn.Figt-.. 1 .WithIthG-i areaabelow valves are in: communication withv the; outlet. t8. Itcis: thus-apparent" that; ii thelclosure hill; of pilot; valve; N16; is moved; outi oh engagement? with the seat. lllQs-andiintoengagement-with theiother 1 one. of them canibe; energized at atime;

may be. oi: the? type:v disclosed in; my: 'copending; application, Serial No. 4.4l,7fl3,;filed Mart 5; 1942-,1 now? Patent No'.. 23.641659, issued: December. 12",.

For: operating: the pilot valves;- H16 and: I011; (Electromagnets [351 and: [3a are: mounted in; en,

largements'. of thee pilot: valve end: openings and cooperate respectively witharmatures I31! and 1-38 which are. biased; away: fromtheelectromagr nets: by compression: springs i353: and: M0 contained in central hollow: extensions I'M. and I42 of: the armatures. These extensions are; s-lidable, in the outer-openings ofmembers' M18 and; i081- and bear against the outer ends of the closure stems: llbl: and iii srrthat the closures are nors malls held in the; positions: shown by the force of the bias:springs.. When. one; of. the electromagnets is: energized;. itsarmaturer is attracted out of engagement with the closure stem thus permitting: the-pressure-ofcthe fluid atthe inner end of thepilot? valve to: force the closure outwardlyinto engagement with its; seat I I 3 I or; Hm. As is seen in; the. diagram. of Fig, the electromagnets are-soelectrically connected: that only The el'ectromagnetsdlliistrated arerof the general type disclosed: in: coperrding: application; Serial No; 4293983; filed February 9;. 1942; now Patent No; 2,321,853}. issued. June 15, 1943,. and need no funther'd'escription herez. l p

- Mechanical; means. for operating the rcckerqBE independently of the: pistons: M: and 1-5; will.- now cap MT closing; the left-hand end: of. the shaft opening: The cams,- l'dfl andl I' l-9; of shaft M5 are arrangedito actuate; respectively; rods- I50.- and I -5|? which extend! through vertical bores 'inthe upper portion of the main body and: are engageab'leawith the underside. of rocket 65' at itsopposite ends; the nods being of. such-length. that,

when; the: -shafit isin its; neutral position; as

7 shown; they do'r not: interferenwith the: actuation been; mentionemr the outen ends of the: pilht seat H13; pressime fiuidzcan then passafronnthe.

vmain: inlet: [11: to. the; piston: 1.4:. tm effectz 'elhchwserotatimr; at the-A rocker: 6:51;: and; when; the; closure,

is: returned? in. its original; position, theifiui'dzherlow piston b.43- cam escape: to:- the outlehiflr the pistom moving; downward: unden theqforcesof. its bias spring-tsp; than-the. rocker: reassumes its neutna-l: positiom. Likewise, .if: the! closure. of pilot valve "111' isrsimilarly actuated; piston" lifiais operated tmeffectcounterclockwise notation oh the rocker.

Thfi: aligned: ventical: passages; MM; I25; H241,

of theerocken-hy'tl're pistons: The.- cams areboth the? shape;- slrowm in; Fig. 7 but; arereversed with respecit tar eachother so: that: normally rod I505 nests; om s'liolulder.- I52 of? cam; M8, and rod lit on: shouider ll53s of calm I49: When, the cam shaft; Ill-i is: turned clockwise? (as viewed" from its nightehandi end) rod: l5| is raised to efiect counterclockwiserotation ofthe rocker, the other vrodi lfzll; correspondingly" falling slightly by: gravits/1: Means (notshcwn) should-be provided-for limiting-the rotation oh the camshaft soasto prevent; nirther: downward movement of: the un-.- drivem rod;- or." collars may..- be provided on; the upper outer ends of the rods for that. purpose, Similarly; when: the cant shaft. is. turned; counterclockwise;,, clockwise. rotation; off the. roekenis efl ectedz.

' Intemnedlat'ethezcams lilaiandjlw, thezsha'fit M55 provided; Wil7h another" cam-surface;...or concavity; 15A: (Fig 79 which: cooperates with fonactuating: the closure 95. These means; include: a: tubular plunger: I 55 which is I542 Aislidi'ngi fiiiin': the upper. end-.ofrthe. plunger a member I585 wlnch: is: upwardly urged; a

- I592 cnmpresseeh between it: and; the: lower member. I58, upward movement of member I58 being limited by the inwardly-turned upper edge of the'pl'unge member. The member I53 has a concentric opening extending downwardly from its outer surface for receiving the lower portion of the valve stem 96, the depth of this opening being such that there is normally a small clearance below the valve stem. To prevent rotation of the plunger I55, the roller member I55 is pro vided with a through-pin Hill, the outer ends of which'are guided in slots IEI cut in the lower end portion of the member 00, as is' best seen in Fig. '7. When shaft M is turned in either direction from its normal position, before the rod I 50 or I5I engages the rocker 65, the roller I5? rises onto the concentric portion of the shaft, thereby effecting movement of closure 95 into tight engagement with its upper seat 94' (the spring I59 yielding in the final upward movement of the roller) so that the supply of pressure fiuidto the pilot valves I06 and I0I is 0bstructed. The lower seat98 of closure 95 being uncovered, if eitherof the pilot valve closures then happens to be in its electrically operated position (or, due to some defect,-has failed to return to its normal position) the fluid com-- pressed below the particular. piston can vent to the outlet chamber, defined by cavity 28, through inclined openings I62 in the bushing 9'! and lateral openings I53 member 90 immediately below that bushing. Such venting of the pistons and their fluid passages greatly facilitates the mechanical actuation of the rocker, and is essential when the fluid employed is an incompressible liquid. The cylindrical body portion of closure 95 is a close slidingfit in, the bores adjacent the seats and is of such length that, when it is midway between its extreme moved positions, bothof these bores are simultaneously closed by it, so that but slight leakage of fluid can occur, even if the closure is actuated slowly.

Referring now to Figs. 8 and 9 and to the upper right-hand portion of Fig. 1, it will be seen that a manifold I10 is provided for joining together 7.

a plurality of the valve structures described hereinabove; the manifold being attached to each of the structures by hollow transversely-apertured screws I'II (Fig, 1) threaded in the inlet and outlet passages. The manifold has an internal partition I12 which divides it into an upper inlet chamber I13 and a lower outlet chamber I'M, fittings I75 and HS being provided at the end of the manifold for connecting the respective chambers to a source of pressure fluid and to a i' return therefor, as is indicated by the arrows. The control passages I9 and are similarly connected to T-fittings Ill by hollow screws, the

caps M and 22 of which have already been referred to.

In the diagram of Fig. 10, the elements have been assigned the same numerals as those of the corresponding elements in the valve structure described hereinabove. To simplify the'showing,

the outlet passages have been omitted; small arrows being employed to indicate the outlet openings of the several valves. The rocker-actuated four-way valve is shown connected to control the operation of a fluid pressure motor II8,'comprising a cylinder I79 wherein is reciprocable a piston I80 having an exteriorly extending stem I85; the chambers I 82 and I83, at opposite sides of the piston, being connected respectively to the control passages I9 and 20 of the valve. With'the parts ".in the positions shown, if switch arnrI 84 is moved through the portion of to a wing-flap 2 I I.

bulkhead rings 2 I 4.

into-engagement with contact I85, the electromagnet I35 is energized by its electrical connection with source I86, and armature I3! is attracted; the pressure of the inlet fluid then being effective to move the pilot'valve closure I I0 to the left. I The resultant operation of. piston I4 effects clockwise tilting of I the rocker so that the closures 33 and 50 are opened; pressure. fluid passing around closure 33 to the chamber I82, and exhausting from the other chamber I83 around closure 50the piston I therefore moving upwardly. If, when or before the piston I80 has reached the limit of its travel, the switch arm. I84 is returned to its neutral position, the resultant deenergization of electromagnet I35 effects return of the pilot valve-closure M0 to its biased position wherein the fluid compressed below piston 14 can vent to the outlet; the force of the bias springs of closures 33 and 50 returning the rocker to its neutral position wherein all of thefour-way valve closures are closed, so that the piston I80 is retained in its moved position. Similarly, if the switch arm I84 is moved into engagement with the other contact I87, the electromagnet I36 is energized, with the result that piston I5 is operated and the other pair of closures 34 and 49 opened-the piston i80 accordingly moving downward. If the cam shaft I45 is turned from its neutral position, as shown, the valve is first raised to obstruct passage of pressure fluid to the pilot valves I06 and I01, and, if one of them is in operated condition, to permit venting of its associated piston I4 or 'I5continued rotation of the cam shaft effecting, through rod I50 or I5I, tilting of the rocker to actuate the four-way valve.

In Fig. 11, the group of valves of Fig. 8 are shown mounted in an airplane to control the operation of such movable parts thereof as wing flaps, retraotible landing gear, or bomb doors. So that the parts of the airplane shown inFig. 11 can more readily be identified, the point from which the view is taken is indicated at X in Fig. 12. The numeral 200 indicates the starboard Wing on which an engine, generally indicated at ZilIjis mounted. At the rear of the engine firewall 202 is the valve group 203, the fluid inlet and outlet connections 204 and 205 of which extend respectively to a pump 206, driven by the engine, and to a reservoir 20'! for the fluid delivered by the pump. The control passages of one of the group of valves are shown, by way of example, connected by pipes 208 and 209 to a fluid pressure motor or strut 2I0 (of the type shown at I18 in Fig. 10), the piston stem of which is attached From the electromagnets of the valves an electrical cable, contained in a protective pipe H2, extends to a three-gang switch 2 I 3 mounted in the control station in the fuselage of the airplane, which fuselage is defined by the The switches are of the three-position type shown in Fig. 10, and their operating knobs are preferably so arranged that -the positions thereof indicate the corresponding direction of movement of'the wing-flap or other actuated part. Also extending to the control sta tion are operating rods 2 I5 which are extensions of the cam shafts I 35. The handles of these rods may be located in some place which is accessible to the pilots of flight engineer in case of emergency, such as failure of the electrical system, but where they are not in the way of the other control devices, By the arrangement shown in Fig. 11, it is apparent that the requisite amount of hydraulic tubing is greatly reduced with respect to that in a conventional airplane hydraulic control system, and that the point of concentration of the valves and tubing is such that these parts are protected from damage to a considerable degree. The general arrangement is also advantageous in a single-engine airplane in which the control station (or dual control stations) is usually at some distance from the engine.

While I have herein shown and described specific embodiments of my invention, I wish it to be understood that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and that I intend therefore to be limited only by the scope of the appended claim.

I claim as my invention:

In an airplane having an engine for propulsion thereof mounted on a wing portion of the airpfane, in combination: a movable part, a hydraulic motor for actuating said part and located adjacent thereto, a hydraulic pump driven by said engine and mounted thereon, hydraulic lines interconnecting said motor and said pump and running substantially directly therebetween, a valve controlling flow of liquid through said lines and located in said wing portion, electrical means for operating said valve, mechanical means mounted on said valve for operating the same independently of said electrical means and including means for rendering the electrical means ineffective, a manual control 10 station located in the fuselage of the airplane, an electrical circuit for energizing said electrical means and extending to said control station, manually operable switching means at the control station for controlling said circuit, and a mechanical connection between said control station and said mechanical valve-operating means for independently operating said valve.

' WILLIAM A. RAY.

ClTElD following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNETED STATES PATENTS (Number Name Date 359,803 Westinghouse Mar. 15, 1887 570,045 Ongley Oct. 27, 1896 2,119,181 Saulnier May 31, 1938 2,132,953 Indge Oct. 11, 1938 2,199,914 Haberstump May '7, 1940 2,209,608 Nye July 30, 1940 2,222,144 Ferris Nov. 19, 1940 2,226,821 Kempson Dec. 31, 1940 2,259,439 DeGanahl Oct. 21, 1941 2,301,028 Esch Nov. 3, 1942 2,310,124 Shartle Feb. 2, 1943 2,315,501 Crane et al. Apr. 6, 1943 Gast Apr. 13, 1943 

